Thursday, March 12, 2015
Ocean Ecology
The emerging in recent decades on issues increased human impacts to the marine ecosystem as a result of pollution of seas and oceans. The spread of pollutants have reached the scale of local, regional and even global. Therefore, pollution of the sea, the ocean and the living world has become an international issue and the most important necessity to protect the marine environment from pollution as required by the rational use of natural resources regulations.
Group link professionals about the scientific aspects of marine pollution, including the Soviet experts, has formed a definition of marine pollution by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (1967) support and the United Nations Conference on environmental issues in Stockholm, Sweden (1972) accepted. Marine pollution is understood as: "All substances or energy by man, directly or indirectly into the marine environment (including estuaries) entail disastrous consequences, such as natural resource damage creature, dangerous to human health, difficult for marine activities (including fishing), degrade the quality and reduce the useful properties of sea water. " The list of contaminants including toxic substances, emissions of hot water (thermal pollution), pathogens, solid waste, suspended solids, nutrients, and several other human impacts.
Today's most urgent problems of chemical pollution of the ocean.
The composition and quantity of pollutants in the ocean
The pollution of the ocean and sea from the following sources:
- Discharge of industrial and manufacturing water directly into the sea or river water with the load;
- The substances used in agriculture and forestry activities from the mainland to go to sea;
- People initiative contaminants buried in the sea;
- Leakage of other substances during ship operation;
- Emissions from incidents from ships or underwater pipelines;
- Extraction of minerals in the seabed;
- Transport of pollutants through the atmosphere.
Group of pollutants found in the ocean are listed in Table 1.1. There are also a lot of organic compounds, waste plants have high levels of BOD, suspended particles, with different road going into the ocean. As seen, the list of pollutants that ocean getting really long. They vary in toxicity and size distribution - from the coastal areas (local) globally.
Oil and oil products
Oil is a liquid lubricant, usually dark gray and is capable of monitoring foreign weak. Oil is mainly composed of hydrogen and saturated fat carbide carbide aromatic hydrogen (from C5 to C70) and contain 80-85% C, 10-14% H, 0.01 to 7% S, 0.01% N and 0-7% O2.
The main components of the hydrogen carbide oil (98%) - were divided into 4 groups.
1) The group of substances paraffin (alkane) - Greek agar (accounting for nearly 90% of the total composition of the oil) and saturated compounds CnH2n + 2 sustainability, its molecules are represented by the linear and branched C. The quality carbon atoms paraffins including methane, ethane, propane and other gases, compounds with 5-17 C atoms are liquid, if a larger number of carbon atoms - is solid. The light quality paraffin capable of maximum evaporation and dissolved in water. The group of substances paraffin ring (Naftene) - cyclic compounds CnH2n saturated with 5-6 carbon atoms in a ring (accounting for 30-60% of the total composition of the oil). The two carbon atoms in the molecule can be replaced by the group Alkin - CH2, C2H5, and other groups. Also pentane and hecxan round, the remaining oil that meets both within and polycyclic naften. These compounds are very stable and less subject to biodegradation. The group of aromatic substances hydrogen carbide (20-40% of the total oil composition) - compounds with unsaturated ring structure of benzene sequence, containing less than 6 carbon atoms in a ring than naftene respectively. The carbon atoms in these compounds may also be replaced by the group alkin. In the presence of petroleum compounds with molecules evaporate as single ring (benzene, toluol, ksilol), then double ring (naphtalin), three (antrapen, fenantren) and ring (eg, piren 4 ring).
Group olephin (Alken) (accounting for 10% of the oil) - compounds not unsaturated cycle with one or two hydrogen atoms next to each carbon atom in the molecule, there is a straight chain or branched vein . Depending on the location of mines, oil is very different in composition. For example, in Pensilvania, Caldas and oil in Kuwait is classified as group paraffin oil, oil in Baku and California - naften group, other oils - from the intermediate group. In the presence of petroleum compounds containing sulfur (up to 7% S), fatty acids (up to 5% O), nitrogen (N 1%) and a number of secondary products containing organometallic ( with vanadium, cobalt, nickel) Quantitative analysis and identification of oil products in the sea is a difficult task not only because they are multi-component and differences in survival mode, but also as a result of natural background of the hydrogen carbide derived natural and biological origin. For example, nearly 90% of low-molecular hydrogen carbide like Ethylene dissolved in ocean surface waters related to the metabolic activity of organisms and their decomposition. However, in areas contaminated sharp carbide concentration of hydrogen was increased to similar levels 4-5.
According to the empirical survey data, the origin of biological hydrogen carbide and petroleum with a range of differences. Oil is a complex mixture of hydrogen carbide band structure and molecular weight is relatively larger. Oil contains a range of peers, in which the components are usually adjacent to a concentration equal. For example, in the range alkanes C12 - C22 ratio between the even and odd components in a while, hydrogen carbide biological origin in the same sequence contains mainly the retail component. Oil contains a wide range of hydrogen carbide alkanes and aromatic ring. Many compounds such as mono-, di- and tri- and tetra-methylbenzen not found in marine organisms.
Oil contains many of the aromatic hydrogen carbide naften, many different types of compounds (in the composition of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metal ions), the asphalt heavy plastic substances - all of them practically no in marine organisms.
To date, the total amount of radioactive man brought into the ocean not exceed 5,5.1019 Bk, still not much compared to natural (18,5.1021 Bk). However, the concentration and uneven distribution of radioactive substances created danger of contaminated water and aquatic life in some particular areas of the ocean.
Group link professionals about the scientific aspects of marine pollution, including the Soviet experts, has formed a definition of marine pollution by Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (1967) support and the United Nations Conference on environmental issues in Stockholm, Sweden (1972) accepted. Marine pollution is understood as: "All substances or energy by man, directly or indirectly into the marine environment (including estuaries) entail disastrous consequences, such as natural resource damage creature, dangerous to human health, difficult for marine activities (including fishing), degrade the quality and reduce the useful properties of sea water. " The list of contaminants including toxic substances, emissions of hot water (thermal pollution), pathogens, solid waste, suspended solids, nutrients, and several other human impacts.
Today's most urgent problems of chemical pollution of the ocean.
The composition and quantity of pollutants in the ocean
The pollution of the ocean and sea from the following sources:
- Discharge of industrial and manufacturing water directly into the sea or river water with the load;
- The substances used in agriculture and forestry activities from the mainland to go to sea;
- People initiative contaminants buried in the sea;
- Leakage of other substances during ship operation;
- Emissions from incidents from ships or underwater pipelines;
- Extraction of minerals in the seabed;
- Transport of pollutants through the atmosphere.
Group of pollutants found in the ocean are listed in Table 1.1. There are also a lot of organic compounds, waste plants have high levels of BOD, suspended particles, with different road going into the ocean. As seen, the list of pollutants that ocean getting really long. They vary in toxicity and size distribution - from the coastal areas (local) globally.
Oil and oil products
Oil is a liquid lubricant, usually dark gray and is capable of monitoring foreign weak. Oil is mainly composed of hydrogen and saturated fat carbide carbide aromatic hydrogen (from C5 to C70) and contain 80-85% C, 10-14% H, 0.01 to 7% S, 0.01% N and 0-7% O2.
The main components of the hydrogen carbide oil (98%) - were divided into 4 groups.
1) The group of substances paraffin (alkane) - Greek agar (accounting for nearly 90% of the total composition of the oil) and saturated compounds CnH2n + 2 sustainability, its molecules are represented by the linear and branched C. The quality carbon atoms paraffins including methane, ethane, propane and other gases, compounds with 5-17 C atoms are liquid, if a larger number of carbon atoms - is solid. The light quality paraffin capable of maximum evaporation and dissolved in water. The group of substances paraffin ring (Naftene) - cyclic compounds CnH2n saturated with 5-6 carbon atoms in a ring (accounting for 30-60% of the total composition of the oil). The two carbon atoms in the molecule can be replaced by the group Alkin - CH2, C2H5, and other groups. Also pentane and hecxan round, the remaining oil that meets both within and polycyclic naften. These compounds are very stable and less subject to biodegradation. The group of aromatic substances hydrogen carbide (20-40% of the total oil composition) - compounds with unsaturated ring structure of benzene sequence, containing less than 6 carbon atoms in a ring than naftene respectively. The carbon atoms in these compounds may also be replaced by the group alkin. In the presence of petroleum compounds with molecules evaporate as single ring (benzene, toluol, ksilol), then double ring (naphtalin), three (antrapen, fenantren) and ring (eg, piren 4 ring).
Group olephin (Alken) (accounting for 10% of the oil) - compounds not unsaturated cycle with one or two hydrogen atoms next to each carbon atom in the molecule, there is a straight chain or branched vein . Depending on the location of mines, oil is very different in composition. For example, in Pensilvania, Caldas and oil in Kuwait is classified as group paraffin oil, oil in Baku and California - naften group, other oils - from the intermediate group. In the presence of petroleum compounds containing sulfur (up to 7% S), fatty acids (up to 5% O), nitrogen (N 1%) and a number of secondary products containing organometallic ( with vanadium, cobalt, nickel) Quantitative analysis and identification of oil products in the sea is a difficult task not only because they are multi-component and differences in survival mode, but also as a result of natural background of the hydrogen carbide derived natural and biological origin. For example, nearly 90% of low-molecular hydrogen carbide like Ethylene dissolved in ocean surface waters related to the metabolic activity of organisms and their decomposition. However, in areas contaminated sharp carbide concentration of hydrogen was increased to similar levels 4-5.
According to the empirical survey data, the origin of biological hydrogen carbide and petroleum with a range of differences. Oil is a complex mixture of hydrogen carbide band structure and molecular weight is relatively larger. Oil contains a range of peers, in which the components are usually adjacent to a concentration equal. For example, in the range alkanes C12 - C22 ratio between the even and odd components in a while, hydrogen carbide biological origin in the same sequence contains mainly the retail component. Oil contains a wide range of hydrogen carbide alkanes and aromatic ring. Many compounds such as mono-, di- and tri- and tetra-methylbenzen not found in marine organisms.
Oil contains many of the aromatic hydrogen carbide naften, many different types of compounds (in the composition of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metal ions), the asphalt heavy plastic substances - all of them practically no in marine organisms.
To date, the total amount of radioactive man brought into the ocean not exceed 5,5.1019 Bk, still not much compared to natural (18,5.1021 Bk). However, the concentration and uneven distribution of radioactive substances created danger of contaminated water and aquatic life in some particular areas of the ocean.
Friday, March 6, 2015
Smoking
Smoking is like a cocktail absorb toxic cyanide and arsenic in the body, causing damage to the horrors smokers. UK Department of Health has published a video of the terrifying impact of smoking on the human body, in order to encourage people to put an end to this harmful habit.
The video opens with the scene a man standing outside smoking. Then there are illustrations of how the smoke he inhaled into the lungs enters the stars, before absorbed into the blood vessels, the heart and eventually reach the brain. In the process of "attacks" throughout the body, cigarette smoke makes the body parts damaged quickly. Dame Sally Davies Professor, leading health authorities in the UK, added: "We all know about the serious effects of smoking on the heart and lungs, but smokers need to know about the the potential destruction of the brain and other vital organs in the body as toxins in tobacco enters the blood. Every time you smoke, blood contamination, filled with toxins will flow through your body within seconds, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack. Smoking is the major cause of premature death, with half of smokers die young because of diseases related to smoking. What is particularly disturbing is that people still underestimate the harm associated with tobacco use.
According to experts, within 5 years after stopping smoking, your risk of stroke can be reduced to the equivalent of lifelong non-smokers.
The video opens with the scene a man standing outside smoking. Then there are illustrations of how the smoke he inhaled into the lungs enters the stars, before absorbed into the blood vessels, the heart and eventually reach the brain. In the process of "attacks" throughout the body, cigarette smoke makes the body parts damaged quickly. Dame Sally Davies Professor, leading health authorities in the UK, added: "We all know about the serious effects of smoking on the heart and lungs, but smokers need to know about the the potential destruction of the brain and other vital organs in the body as toxins in tobacco enters the blood. Every time you smoke, blood contamination, filled with toxins will flow through your body within seconds, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack. Smoking is the major cause of premature death, with half of smokers die young because of diseases related to smoking. What is particularly disturbing is that people still underestimate the harm associated with tobacco use.
According to experts, within 5 years after stopping smoking, your risk of stroke can be reduced to the equivalent of lifelong non-smokers.
Sunday, March 1, 2015
Domestic Violence
First, violence in any form and leave a negative impact on physical health, mental not only the victim but also other members of the family. These negative effects were additive burden on the national health system. In severe cases (victims and injured children, the crisis was transmitted diseases or HIV, unwanted pregnancies ...), the burden of the national health system is very large . The research conducted in the United States, Nicaragua Nicaragua and Dim-out three-bu-ê showed that the proportion of women domestic violence require medical services is much higher than normal women.
Second, domestic violence against women negatively impact the labor force and thus also affect economic activity. A study of domestic violence across the country perform in Nova Scotia showed that 30% of husbands beating wives to give up work due to physical injury and mental and 50% of they have sick leave for treatment. A study in India is estimated to cases of domestic violence against women, victims to stay at an average of 7 days. Another study conducted in Nicaragua Nicaragua shows the income of women who are victims of domestic violence 46% lower than the income of the average woman. (WHO, Violence Against Women Fachtsheet No. 239).
Third, domestic violence against women constitute a heavy burden on the social welfare system: Domestic violence poses to ask for help and protection of the victims were women and children with social protection systems of the National Assembly. For example, to protect the women and children who are victims of violence in the family, need to build a system of shelter facilities for them .... Because domestic violence is often linked associated with family breakdown; removing children; status of children lack the care and nurture; Children with fetal condition; victims of HIV and other sexual diseases, orphans should be burdened with social protection systems not only in the provision of shelter, but in the long term also includes the construction of rearing establishment, restoration of physical, mental as well as the victims of policies and mechanisms to solve the social problems arising. All pressure on the social security system of the country that usually always in a state already overloaded.
Domestic violence does not only have consequences for the victims but for other family members, especially children. Domestic violence in general, domestic violence against women in particular have a very negative impact on the development of physical, mental, moral and intellectual children. Studies have shown that domestic violence causes children crisis, fear, insomnia, lack of confidence, frustration, mental disorders, depression ... Domestic violence also adversely affect learning outcomes, life skills, social integration, problem solving capacities of children ... .. According to UNICEF, there are about 275 million children are living in domestic violence, must be container exploitation of physical, mental and sexual as well as their parents or guardians. Forms of violence that girls suffer very diverse, including sexual violence. Many studies have shown that as many as 40-60% of cases of sexual abuse took place in the family aimed at victims are girls under 15 years of age. A study in the Netherlands..
In Vietnam, according to a survey in eight provinces of the Union of women in 2008, 23% of respondents have family acts of physical violence; 30% of family violence on sex; 25% of respondents with family violence to the spirit in which women are victims accounted for 97%. Domestic violence impacts and severely affected families - nuclear sustainable society. Domestic violence has many broken families, divorce, separation ... According to the investigation of the Centre for Gender and Development Studies, violence has broken families accounted for 49.7%. Statistics of the Supreme People's Court also shows us the serious consequences of family violence: 1998 55 419 divorce cases, including 28 686 cases of violence, 52%, 1999 52 774 divorce cases in which 29 751 cases of violence, 56%; 2000 51 361 divorce cases, including 32 164 cases of violence, 62%; average of 5 years from 2000 to 2005 there were 352,000 divorces there were 39,730 divorces due to domestic violence (accounting for 53.1%).
Domestic violence in Vietnam also increased the number of children in conflict with the law. Institute statistics show that in 2008 the Supreme KSND 71% juvenile delinquency is due to not being cared for properly. Causes of criminal minors from home: 8% young offenders have divorced parents, 49% complained about the behavior of their parents. According to a survey of 2,209 students Informatics, up to 49.81% of them were treated to live in the harsh, brutal, cruel parents. Some children were released hit 23% (mother hit 6 times); be stepmother, stepfather captured 20.3%.
Domestic violence leave many serious consequences to society and family. The abolition of domestic violence is not the responsibility of anyone that requires the cooperation of all levels and sectors of social and political organizations and countries in the prevention of domestic violence.
Second, domestic violence against women negatively impact the labor force and thus also affect economic activity. A study of domestic violence across the country perform in Nova Scotia showed that 30% of husbands beating wives to give up work due to physical injury and mental and 50% of they have sick leave for treatment. A study in India is estimated to cases of domestic violence against women, victims to stay at an average of 7 days. Another study conducted in Nicaragua Nicaragua shows the income of women who are victims of domestic violence 46% lower than the income of the average woman. (WHO, Violence Against Women Fachtsheet No. 239).
Third, domestic violence against women constitute a heavy burden on the social welfare system: Domestic violence poses to ask for help and protection of the victims were women and children with social protection systems of the National Assembly. For example, to protect the women and children who are victims of violence in the family, need to build a system of shelter facilities for them .... Because domestic violence is often linked associated with family breakdown; removing children; status of children lack the care and nurture; Children with fetal condition; victims of HIV and other sexual diseases, orphans should be burdened with social protection systems not only in the provision of shelter, but in the long term also includes the construction of rearing establishment, restoration of physical, mental as well as the victims of policies and mechanisms to solve the social problems arising. All pressure on the social security system of the country that usually always in a state already overloaded.
Domestic violence does not only have consequences for the victims but for other family members, especially children. Domestic violence in general, domestic violence against women in particular have a very negative impact on the development of physical, mental, moral and intellectual children. Studies have shown that domestic violence causes children crisis, fear, insomnia, lack of confidence, frustration, mental disorders, depression ... Domestic violence also adversely affect learning outcomes, life skills, social integration, problem solving capacities of children ... .. According to UNICEF, there are about 275 million children are living in domestic violence, must be container exploitation of physical, mental and sexual as well as their parents or guardians. Forms of violence that girls suffer very diverse, including sexual violence. Many studies have shown that as many as 40-60% of cases of sexual abuse took place in the family aimed at victims are girls under 15 years of age. A study in the Netherlands..
In Vietnam, according to a survey in eight provinces of the Union of women in 2008, 23% of respondents have family acts of physical violence; 30% of family violence on sex; 25% of respondents with family violence to the spirit in which women are victims accounted for 97%. Domestic violence impacts and severely affected families - nuclear sustainable society. Domestic violence has many broken families, divorce, separation ... According to the investigation of the Centre for Gender and Development Studies, violence has broken families accounted for 49.7%. Statistics of the Supreme People's Court also shows us the serious consequences of family violence: 1998 55 419 divorce cases, including 28 686 cases of violence, 52%, 1999 52 774 divorce cases in which 29 751 cases of violence, 56%; 2000 51 361 divorce cases, including 32 164 cases of violence, 62%; average of 5 years from 2000 to 2005 there were 352,000 divorces there were 39,730 divorces due to domestic violence (accounting for 53.1%).
Domestic violence in Vietnam also increased the number of children in conflict with the law. Institute statistics show that in 2008 the Supreme KSND 71% juvenile delinquency is due to not being cared for properly. Causes of criminal minors from home: 8% young offenders have divorced parents, 49% complained about the behavior of their parents. According to a survey of 2,209 students Informatics, up to 49.81% of them were treated to live in the harsh, brutal, cruel parents. Some children were released hit 23% (mother hit 6 times); be stepmother, stepfather captured 20.3%.
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